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OREGON: Limited Liability Company (LLC)
Human habitation of the Pacific Northwest began at least
15,000 years ago, with the oldest evidence of habitation in
Oregon found at Fort Rock Cave in Lake County by
archaeologist Luther Cressman dating to 13,200 years ago.[6]
By 8000 B.C. there were settlements throughout the state,
with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia
River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.
By the 16th century Oregon was home to many Native American
groups, including the Bannock, Chasta, Chinook, Kalapuya,
Klamath, Molalla, Nez Perce, Takelma, and
Umpqua.[7][8][9][10]
James Cook explored the coast in 1778 in search of the
Northwest Passage. The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled
through the region during their expedition to explore the
Louisiana Purchase. They built their winter fort at Fort
Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River. Exploration
by Lewis and Clark (1805–1806) and the United Kingdom's
David Thompson (1811) publicized the abundance of
fur-bearing animals in the area. Also in 1811, New Yorker
John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria
at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to
his Pacific Fur Company.[11] ; this was the first permanent
Caucasian settlement in Oregon.
In the War of 1812, the British gained control of all of the
Pacific Fur Company posts. By the 1820s and 1830s, the
Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from
its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built
in 1825 by the District's Chief Factor John McLoughlin
across the Columbia from present-day Portland).
In 1841, the master trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young
died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and
no system to probate his estate. A meeting followed Young's
funeral at which a probate government was proposed. Doctor
Ira Babcock of Jason Lee's Methodist Mission was elected
Supreme Judge. Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at
Champoeg (half way between Lee's mission and Oregon City) to
discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern.
These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in
1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an
executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers,
and Joseph Gale. This government was the first acting public
government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the
government of the United States.
The Oregon Trail brought many new settlers to the region,
starting in 1842–1843, after the United States agreed with
the United Kingdom to jointly settle the Oregon Country. For
some time, it seemed that these two nations would go to war
for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute),
but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon
Treaty. The border between the United States and British
North America was set at the 49th parallel. The Oregon
Territory was officially organized in 1848.
Settlement increased because of the Donation Land Claim Act
of 1850, in conjunction with the forced relocation of the
native population to Indian reservations in Oregon. The
state was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859.
At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S.
troops were withdrawn and sent east. Volunteer cavalry were
recruited in California and sent north to Oregon to keep
peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry
served until June 1865.
In the 1880s, the proliferation of railroads assisted in
marketing of the state's lumber and wheat, as well as the
more rapid growth of its cities.
Industrial expansion began in earnest following the
construction of the Bonneville Dam in 1933-1937 on the
Columbia River. Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber
provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West,
although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building
industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple
occasions.
The state has a long history of polarizing
conflicts[citation needed]: American Indians vs. British fur
trappers, British vs. U.S. settlers, ranchers vs. farmers,
wealthy growing cities vs. established but poor rural areas,
loggers vs. environmentalists, white supremacists vs.
anti-racists, social progressivism vs. small-government
conservatism, supporters of social spending vs. anti-tax
activists, and native Oregonians vs. Californians (or
outsiders in general). Oregonians also have a long history
of secessionist ideas, with people in various regions and on
all sides of the political spectrum attempting to form other
states and even other countries. (See: State of Jefferson,
Cascadia and Ecotopia.)
In 1902, Oregon introduced a system of direct legislation by
the state’s citizens by way of initiative and referendum,
known as the Oregon System. Oregon state ballots often
include politically conservative proposals (e.g. anti-gay,
pro-religious measures) side-by-side with politically
liberal ones (e.g. drug decriminalization), illustrating the
wide spectrum of political thought in the state.
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