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USA Limited Liability Companies (LLC's)
 

Choosing to operate by member management creates a flat member or partnership structure. Choosing manager management creates a two-tiered management structure potentially convertible into a corporation, with the attendant tax consequences. LLCs use IRS Form 1065 (if taxed as a partnership) and Schedule SE (Self-Employment Tax). LLCs are organized with a document called the "articles of organization,' or "the rules of organization" specified publicly by the state; additionally, it is common to have an "operating agreement" privately specified by the members. The operating agreement is a contract among the members of an LLC and the LLC governing the membership, management, operation and distribution of income of the company.

Managers are the individuals who are responsible for the maintenance, administration and management of the affairs of an LLC. In most states, the managers serve a particular term and report to and serve at the discretion of the members. Specific duties of the managers may be detailed in the articles of organization or the operating agreement of the LLC. In some states, the members of an LLC may also serve as the managers.

Owners are sometimes referred to as 'Members'. Unless the articles of organization or operating agreement provide otherwise, each governing person or member has an equal vote in the management of the LLC.

Operating as an LLC form of partnership does not mean that appropriate US federal partnership tax forms are not necessary, or not complex. As a partnership, the entity's income and deductions attributed to each member are reported on that owner's tax return.

LLCs can lose their tax advantage without the partnership structure. The possible label "disregarded entity" for income tax purposes singles out the one-member owner of an LLC as actually earning income and deductions directly. It is the owner, then, who reports as a business proprietor, rather than as an LLC operating an active trade or business. An LLC passively investing in real estate and owned by a single member would have its income and deductions reported directly on the owner's individual tax return on a Schedule E tax form. And an LLC owned by a corporation--in other words, an LLC with a single corporate member--would be treated as an incorporated branch and have its income and deductions reported on the corporate tax return, creating double taxation.


 

 

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