USA Limited Liability Companies (LLC's)
Choosing to
operate by member management creates a flat member or
partnership structure. Choosing manager management creates a
two-tiered management structure potentially convertible into
a corporation, with the attendant tax consequences. LLCs use
IRS Form 1065 (if taxed as a partnership) and Schedule SE
(Self-Employment Tax). LLCs are organized with a document
called the "articles of organization,' or "the rules of
organization" specified publicly by the state; additionally,
it is common to have an "operating agreement" privately
specified by the members. The operating agreement is a
contract among the members of an LLC and the LLC governing
the membership, management, operation and distribution of
income of the company.
Managers are the individuals who are responsible for the
maintenance, administration and management of the affairs of
an LLC. In most states, the managers serve a particular term
and report to and serve at the discretion of the members.
Specific duties of the managers may be detailed in the
articles of organization or the operating agreement of the
LLC. In some states, the members of an LLC may also serve as
the managers.
Owners are sometimes referred to as 'Members'. Unless the
articles of organization or operating agreement provide
otherwise, each governing person or member has an equal vote
in the management of the LLC.
Operating as an LLC form of partnership does not mean that
appropriate US federal partnership tax forms are not
necessary, or not complex. As a partnership, the entity's
income and deductions attributed to each member are reported
on that owner's tax return.
LLCs can lose their tax advantage without the partnership
structure. The possible label "disregarded entity" for
income tax purposes singles out the one-member owner of an
LLC as actually earning income and deductions directly. It
is the owner, then, who reports as a business proprietor,
rather than as an LLC operating an active trade or business.
An LLC passively investing in real estate and owned by a
single member would have its income and deductions reported
directly on the owner's individual tax return on a Schedule
E tax form. And an LLC owned by a corporation--in other
words, an LLC with a single corporate member--would be
treated as an incorporated branch and have its income and
deductions reported on the corporate tax return, creating
double taxation.
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